Yesterday I put up a post about the challenges of teaching the history of race as a white professor in classrooms that are mostly populated by students of color. In it, I discussed the fact that white people — particularly white progressives — are given far more guidance and encouragement about how to listen when other people speak about race than about how to talk about race themselves, and noted that when a white professor is put in the position of teaching people of color about race, it can be uncomfortable, even scary.
I closed yesterday’s post with a promise that I’d talk more today about my own classroom experience, and I’d like to start by telling a story out of history.
George Wallace is best remembered today as a fierce segregationist. A four-time governor of Alabama and two-time presidential candidate, Wallace defined white opposition to racial integration for many Americans in the sixties. It was Wallace who, in his first gubernatorial inaugural address in 1963, coined the phrase “segregation today, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.” It was Wallace who physically blocked the door of an auditorium at the University of Alabama later that year to prevent two black students from entering to register for classes.
But when Wallace first ran for governor in 1958, it was with a very different approach. Then, Wallace emphasized economic improvement — better roads, better schools — not white supremacy. He supported segregation, as every major white politician of his time and place did, but did not make it the centerpiece of his campaign. In 1958 Wallace received most of the few black votes cast for governor, while the Ku Klux Klan threw its support to his opponent, a virulent and vocal racist.
Wallace lost that election by a wide margin. When a supporter asked what he thought had turned the tide against him, he said simply, “I got out-niggered. And I’ll never be out-niggered again.”
This is an important story about race and politics in Jim Crow America. It’s a story about the ways in which racism served as a calculated tool for motivating white voters. It’s a story about the pressure that public figures felt to exaggerate and intensify their own attitudes. It’s a story about the ways in which black Southerners, stripped of their legal rights, became pawns in the white community’s political disputes — political disputes with profound and vicious consequences for blacks’ safety and well-being.
This is an important story. And it’s a story that can’t be told without uttering a racial slur.
I’ve thought a lot about this. I’ve thought about whether you could say that Wallace said “I’ll never be out-n-worded again,” or whether you could say “he said ‘I’ll never be out -blacked again’ — but he didn’t say ‘black.'” But you can’t. The word itself is central to the story. The word itself — the use of a racial epithet not as a noun, but as a verb — gets to the heart of how white supremacy operated in the segregated South. At that time in that place that word wasn’t just something you were, it was something that was done to you.
I don’t include this story in my standard lectures on American history. But every once in a while there comes a moment in the classroom when — in response to a question, or a comment, or the flow of a particular discussion — it comes up. At that moment, there’s something relevant, something important that I have to say about our American past and this story is the best way to say it. At that moment, doing the work I’ve been hired to do as fully and honestly as I know how involves telling that story.
So do I tell the story?
There are good reasons not to. I know the power of that word coming out of a white person’s mouth, and I know the power that a professor has in any classroom — a power that is heightened and magnified when the professor is white and the students are mostly not. I don’t want to lose any of my students, I don’t want them to mishear or to misunderstand — or to legitimately disagree with my choice — and not be able to speak up and make the wrong that they see right.
But at the same time, the power of that word isn’t a unique power. The dilemma it poses isn’t a unique dilemma. The trauma that it causes isn’t a unique trauma.
I’m a historian. I’m a historian who believes that most Americans have no idea how vicious, how brutal, how pervasive the horror of American white supremacist violence was in the era of Jim Crow. And I’m a historian who believes that you can’t really understand American history without understanding that horror. So that means that I have to talk about a lot of stuff that’s really hard to talk about, and even harder to hear about.
I have to talk about what was done to Emmett Till’s body, and why. I have to talk about public lynchings in which black men were tortured in front of white parents and their smiling, laughing children. I have to talk about WEB DuBois’ discovery that the charred knuckles of a man who had recently been flayed and burned alive were on display in a storefront window in the city he lived in.
I can’t take any of that lightly. I can’t just talk about that stuff like I was talking about the Taft-Hartley Act.
And I can’t talk about that stuff without recognizing that I, like the perpetrators of those atrocities, am white, and that most of my students, like those targeted, are not.
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January 7, 2011 at 4:51 pm
prossibly
Really powerful post. I think it is absolutely imperative that we talk about how our forefathers committed the atrocities that they did, and it is extremely important to show kids how much the world is not black and white. If we can show them that our own ancestors, who were not necessarily evil people, were entirely capable of cruelty, we can talk about how many people who today are capable of it. One of the biggest reasons I think that our generation tries to deny that certain kinds of racism exist is because they don’t feel that they–or the perpetrators, who may be their friends and family–are cruel in nature enough to perpetrate something as “evil” as racism.
January 7, 2011 at 5:31 pm
Cézsar
“But at the same time, the power of that word isn’t a unique power. … The trauma that it causes isn’t a unique trauma.”
^You lost me completely at this point. Please explain what you mean.
“I know the power of that word coming out of a white person’s mouth”
^If you do, then from whence does your “uncomfortable, even scary” feelings arise? It seems logical to me that if you did know, as you claim, then you simply wouldn’t use it, purely out of the understanding that comes from knowing.
As a professor, I am sure it is within your ability to preface each such lecture, or at least the first such lecture in a series of the same, with a full and frank contextualisation of white racism in America specifically with regard to the horrors and reality of that word (with the aid of IWBs and/or projected slides) and why therefore, it can’t be used…
So that everytime thereafter you vocalised the “n-word” in its place, for eg. “I’ll never be out-n-worded again”, your students would know exactly what you meant. It’s really not as complex as you are making it out to be.
Is it possible that your feelings of “discomfort” when teaching race to Black students arise more from your personal feelings of ancestral guilt (justified or not) than from your perception of your students’ potential feelings?
January 7, 2011 at 7:02 pm
Cézsar
@prossibly
“If we can show them that our own ancestors, who were not necessarily evil people”
^This innate denial pre-disposition constitutes the single largest obstacle in the progress of race relations.
“Racism: A History” is the single most important and near definitive BBC documentary on the subject. A veritable teaching aid and learner’s guide that all who are interested in the subject MUST see. Here’s the link – http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6241513179213272889#. Watch it and then comment.
Consider This:
The European perpetrated holocaust on Jews lasted 6 years and claimed 6 million (not to mention the other 5 million gays, Africans etc. also killed), and we unhesitantly call Hitler evil. The European perpetrated holocaust on Africans across 3 continents – on African, European and American soil – lasted between 400 and 500 yrs and claimed 100s of millions of African lives.
In Congo alone, King Leopold halved the indigenous population, killing 13 million Congolese in the most grotesque way possible. It took less than two years (1904-06) for the Hereros population in Namibia to be exterminated to less than a quarter of its original size by Lt-Gen Lothar von Trotha. {Repeat the same or similar trend across Africa and on European and American soil to Africans.} But sadly, in a lot of ways, they were the lucky ones…
For most colonised Africans, their deaths were long, drawn out, soul-destroying, culture erasing, insanity inducing, humanity stripping, successive generational soul-raping horrors. Imagine how many generations over 500yrs were subjected to that. THAT was the only inheritance Africans could bequeath to successive generations right up to present day. A shot to the head would have been far more humane and less damaging to an entire race and their future. [And yet, very sickly, Blacks are purported in today’s media as the violent and bad ones lol, you really coudn’t make it up.]
Those same European perpetrators invaded America in the same way, called themselves Americans, and carried on this murderous racist tradition. And yet you pause to call that evil? That is what you must examine my friend, before you can teach your kids anything meaningful on the subject. Oh and one last thing, juxtapose all of the above with Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia (and the rest of Africa) etc. today, present day, and see what you come up with.
January 7, 2011 at 7:12 pm
Angus Johnston
Cézsar writes:
“But at the same time, the power of that word isn’t a unique power. … The trauma that it causes isn’t a unique trauma.”
^You lost me completely at this point. Please explain what you mean.
Good question. What I mean is that a professor, particularly a white professor, teaching potentially traumatic subjects cannot assume that avoiding the n-word is the beginning and end of his or her obligation to tread carefully and appropriately. The “n-word question” is a part of a larger and much more complex set of questions about how anti-racist pedagogy can be made to work.
As for the “uncomfortable, even scary” business, I said that it can be, not that it always is. Helping white professors get past that discomfort (or at least past the counter-productive elements of it) is part of my project in writing this series of posts.
Your warnings on the use of the n-word are good ones. I’ll be talking more on Monday about how I deal with the issue, and I hope you stop back again to take up the discussion then.
Finally, I largely agree with your response to the “not necessarily evil people” comment, though I’d frame it in a slightly different way. I’ll have more on that next week, too.
January 10, 2011 at 6:42 am
Cézsar
Thanks for trying to explain what you meant Angus:
“Good question. What I mean is that a professor, particularly a white professor, teaching potentially traumatic subjects cannot assume that avoiding the n-word is the beginning and end of his or her obligation to tread carefully and appropriately. The “n-word question” is a part of a larger and much more complex set of questions about how anti-racist pedagogy can be made to work.”
I have to admit though, that it is a bit too vague an answer and hasn’t made me any wiser as to what you actually mean.
January 10, 2011 at 2:52 pm
Angus Johnston
Cézsar, that passage was intended as a transition to the second half of the post, in which I give examples of the traumatic subjects I was referring to — Emmett Till, public lynchings, the display of black body parts as artifacts of white supremacy.