The praise Nelson Mandela has received since his passing yesterday has been extravagant, well-deserved, and nearly universal. From every corner of the globe, Mandela has been lauded as a world leader without parallel in our era.
Praise for Mandela has been effusive even from many who had little use for him during the apartheid era. Conservative politicians from parties that spurned his struggle for national liberation while it was ongoing have been elbowing each other out of the way to memorialize him now.
This phenomenon has been particularly pronounced — and particularly jarring — at the website of the American conservative magazine National Review. Their outpouring of affection has shocked and dismayed many of the site’s regular readers, who have flooded the posts’ comments sections with expressions of outrage, many of them appallingly ugly, and the naked racism on display there has attracted a lot of attention around the ‘net.
More interesting to me, though, has been the way the writers at NR have dealt with the chasm between their present and past views. The editors’ unsigned editorial chose to avoid the topic entirely, instead tempering their praise for Mandela with criticism of some of his views, while the authors of each of the site’s two signed pieces wrote that their error in judging Mandela had been one of believing he was more of a leftist than he turned out to be. I’m not in a position to judge either of these writers’ sincerity, but the site’s collective representation of its, and the conservative movement’s, history with apartheid is dishonest.
William F. Buckley was the founder of National Review, and America’s leading conservative intellectual for much of the second half of the 20th century. He was also an explicit supporter of white supremacy — throughout the 1950s and 1960s he scoffed at the idea that either black Africans or black Americans were capable of self-governance.
As the years passed Buckley’s public views on the civil rights movement in the United States became more moderated, but his antipathy to popular democracy in Africa remained a constant. Here he is in a 1986 op-ed, writing just four years before Mandela was released from prison — at a time when the South African government had already begun the secret negotiations that would lead to an orderly transition to majority rule in that country:
“Western democratic fundamentalism has made things especially hard in South Africa for one simple reason, and that is that Western opinion has consolidated around the position that unless every black in South Africa over the age of 18 is given the vote, there is still injustice in the land.
“The government will not … grant political equality to everyone in South Africa. Nor should it. It is preposterous at one and the same time to remark the widespread illiteracy in South Africa and to demand the universal franchise.
“Continue our moral pressure, by all means. But … pull back on the one-man, one vote business.”
The open racism on display here is startling, of course. But so is the blatant antipathy to democracy itself. An insistence on the rightness of popular self-determination is, in Buckley’s eyes, a form of “fundamentalism” — if the black majority in South Africa, after generations of white minority suppression, is not prepared to exercise the franchise in the way, and with the results, that Buckley prefers, then it is entirely right and popular for that white minority to deny them the vote indefinitely.
A lot has been said in the last 24 hours about the impulse to water down Mandela’s fierce commitments and challenging beliefs, to canonize a pastel caricature instead of grappling with the man he was and the true fight he fought. But we should be just as wary about revising the history of his antagonists, of pretending that the only racists in power who were fighting to keep him and his people imprisoned were those who ruled his nation.
Not thirty years ago one of America’s most prominent conservatives offered the opinion, unsolicited, that black South Africans would not, could not, and should not govern themselves.
That shouldn’t be forgotten.
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December 6, 2013 at 3:48 pm
Kevin T. Keith
This is of a piece with his infamous support of Jim Crow in the American South: that black Americans simply could not be trusted with the vote, and that white Americans were entitled to deprive them of it as long as it served their interests. He explicitly endorsed literacy tests there, too, as well as poll taxes.
He was ideologically just as much a creepy elitist as he came across in his public persona: he really did not believe the lower classes had any rights worth defending, and that it was better for them to be ruled by self-interested upper classes, in no small part because it would be bad for the upper classes if it were any other way.
However, his opinion on South Africa was not entirely unsolicited. He worked as a conscious propaganda agent of right-wing dictatorships around the world, and often published articles explicitly defending their abuses in conjunction with all-expenses-paid trips they provided him to their countries. He made multiple such trips to South Africa. He explicitly wrote to his patrons – including the South African Minister of Information – that he had used deception and propaganda techniques to support their causes, which was why the articles were “cagily executed” (his phrase) so as to seem even-handed.
http://bit.ly/1d69Ntt
(Hat tip: Ta-Nehisi Coates, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/12/apartheids-useful-idiots/282114/)
December 6, 2013 at 4:00 pm
Steven Levine
No surprise from Buckley and the NR. Don’t forget that Reagan and Thatcher’s were little different and both considered Mandela and the ANC to be terrorists.
December 6, 2013 at 4:31 pm
Pull back on the one man, one vote business » Balloon Juice
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December 6, 2013 at 5:38 pm
Friday End of the Semester Why Aren’t I Already Sleeping Links | Gerry Canavan
[…] Honored Now, But Was Hated Then. Apartheid’s Useful Idiots. History Needs to Be Honest. The National Review, American Conservatism, and Nelson Mandela. Six Things Nelson Mandela Believed That Most People Won’t Talk About. The Island. Mandela will […]
December 7, 2013 at 3:40 pm
Nelson Mandela and the Legacy of American Apartheid | That Devil History
[…] at Student Activism, for example, Angus Johnston reminds us how in 1986, William F. Buckley, the silver-spooned National Review founder and […]
December 7, 2013 at 8:49 pm
Matt Brown
It would have been a surprise to many Americans of the 19th century that literacy was necessary for voting.
December 9, 2013 at 8:25 am
Eliot M
This ‘essay’ is more insulting to your readers than it is to Buckley. Buckley wrote that illiterates should not be able to vote. He explicitly states that “whites who cannot pass a literacy test should not be allowed to vote”. You seem to have omitted that bit. I assume your attempt to peddle this as “open racism” is based on the assumption your readers will not read the article.
December 9, 2013 at 10:13 am
Angus Johnston
Yeah, Eliot, I know. And yet Buckley didn’t call for the immediate enfranchisement of literate blacks in South Africa, even though there were more blacks who could read in the country at the time than whites. And of course literacy tests themselves are something of a dog whistle — they were a cornerstone of the disenfranchisement of blacks in the American South during the Jim Crow era.
And then, of course, there are all the other explicitly racist things that Buckley said about blacks and voting over the years, like the time that he derided the idea of bringing democracy to “the semi-savages in the Congo.” Or the time that he endorsed the denial of the franchise to American blacks in the 1960s with virtually identical language to that used here.
And then there’s my personal favorite moment of William F. Buckley being completely-not-at-all-racist, which comes from 1965, when he was debating James Baldwin at Oxford and suggested that Baldwin “is treated from coast to coast in the United States with a kind of unctuous servitude which in fact goes beyond anything that was ever expected from the most servile negro creature by a Southern family.”
“Negro creature.” But yeah, I’ve just misread him. That’s what’s going on here.